Journal of Biomedical and Techno Nanomaterials

DEVELOPMENT OF A BIO-MEMS CANTILEVER-BASED BIOSENSOR FOR THE RAPID, LABEL-FREE DETECTION OF THE AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS

2025-12-25T13:58:17+07:00

Avian influenza virus remains a significant threat to global public health, poultry industries, and food security due to its high transmissibility and zoonotic potential. Rapid and reliable detection is essential for early outbreak control, yet conventional diagnostic methods are often time-consuming, laboratory-dependent, and rely on labeled reagents, limiting their applicability in field and point-of-care settings. This study aims to develop a Bio-MEMS cantilever-based biosensor capable of rapid, label-free detection of the avian influenza virus with high sensitivity and specificity. An experimental Bio-MEMS approach was employed, involving microfabrication of silicon cantilevers, surface biofunctionalization with virus-specific recognition elements, and real-time mechanical sensing of virus–receptor interactions. The biosensor’s performance was evaluated by measuring cantilever deflection responses under controlled exposure to varying viral concentrations. The results demonstrate stable baseline behavior, low noise levels, and clear concentration-dependent deflection signals, achieving rapid detection within minutes and a low limit of detection without signal amplification. Non-target analytes produced negligible responses, confirming high specificity. In conclusion, the developed Bio-MEMS cantilever-based biosensor provides an effective platform for rapid, label-free detection of avian influenza virus. This technology shows strong potential for integration into portable diagnostic systems and could be adapted for surveillance of other viral pathogens.

TARGETING THE TUMOR MICRO-ENVIRONMENT: NANOPARTICLE-MEDIATED DELIVERY OF IMMUNOMODULATORY DRUGS TO ENHANCE CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY

2025-12-25T14:07:01+07:00

The tumor micro-environment plays a central role in regulating antitumor immune responses and represents a major barrier to the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy. Immunosuppressive cellular components, abnormal vasculature, and inhibitory cytokine networks often limit immune cell infiltration and reduce the efficacy of systemically administered immunomodulatory drugs. This study aims to investigate nanoparticle-mediated delivery strategies to selectively target the tumor micro-environment and enhance cancer immunotherapy outcomes. An experimental nanomedicine approach was employed, involving the design and characterization of drug-loaded nanoparticles, evaluation of biodistribution and tumor localization, and assessment of immunological responses in tumor models. Nanoparticle performance was compared with free drug administration to determine delivery efficiency and therapeutic impact. The results demonstrate that nanoparticle-mediated delivery significantly improved accumulation of immunomodulatory drugs within tumor tissues, leading to enhanced cytotoxic T cell infiltration, reduced immunosuppressive cell populations, and improved antitumor efficacy. Targeted delivery also reduced off-target immune activation and systemic toxicity compared to conventional administration. In conclusion, nanoparticle-based targeting of the tumor micro-environment offers an effective strategy to overcome immunosuppressive barriers and amplify the therapeutic potential of cancer immunotherapy. This approach provides a promising framework for the development of next-generation precision immuno-oncology treatments.

SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY (SERS) USING SILVER NANOSTARS FOR THE MULTIPLEXED DETECTION OF DISEASE BIOMARKERS IN SERUM

2025-12-25T14:01:10+07:00

Early and accurate detection of disease biomarkers in serum is essential for clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and precision medicine, yet conventional immunoassays often rely on labeled reagents, multiple processing steps, and limited multiplexing capability. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) offers label-free molecular specificity, but its clinical application has been constrained by reproducibility and sensitivity challenges in complex biological matrices. This study aims to develop a silver nanostar–based SERS platform for the multiplexed detection of disease biomarkers directly in serum. An experimental nanobiosensing approach was employed, involving the synthesis of shape-controlled silver nanostars, surface functionalization with biomolecular recognition elements, physicochemical characterization, and SERS-based analytical evaluation in serum samples. The results demonstrate that silver nanostars generate strong and stable Raman enhancement, enabling clear discrimination of multiple biomarker signatures at low nanomolar concentrations. High linearity, acceptable reproducibility, and minimal matrix interference were achieved under multiplexed conditions. Comparative analysis confirmed superior performance of nanostars relative to conventional spherical nanoparticles. In conclusion, silver nanostar–based SERS provides a robust, label-free, and highly sensitive platform for multiplexed serum biomarker detection. This approach holds significant potential for advancing clinical diagnostics and translational bioanalytical applications.

A REVIEW OF NANOPARTICLE-BASED STRATEGIES FOR OVERCOMING THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE THERAPY

2025-12-20T21:13:03+07:00

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and related disorders, remain difficult to treat effectively due to the restrictive nature of the blood–brain barrier, which severely limits drug delivery to the central nervous system. Many therapeutic agents with proven molecular efficacy fail to achieve clinical success because they cannot reach target sites in the brain at sufficient concentrations. This review aims to critically analyze nanoparticle-based strategies developed to overcome the blood–brain barrier and to evaluate their potential in neurodegenerative disease therapy. A narrative-integrative review method was employed, drawing on peer-reviewed articles indexed in major scientific databases, including studies on lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic, and biomimetic nanoparticles. The reviewed evidence indicates that nanoparticle systems significantly enhance brain delivery through mechanisms such as receptor-mediated transcytosis, adsorption-mediated transport, and biomimicry, leading to improved pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy in preclinical models. Lipid-based and biomimetic nanoparticles demonstrate the greatest translational promise due to favorable safety and biological compatibility, while polymeric systems offer high design flexibility. Despite these advances, challenges related to long-term safety, reproducibility, and clinical translation persist. In conclusion, nanoparticle-based delivery represents a pivotal strategy for overcoming the blood–brain barrier, and continued interdisciplinary research is essential to translate these technologies into effective therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.

Keywords: blood–brain barrier; nanoparticles; neurodegenerative diseases; nanomedicine; targeted drug delivery

PHOTOTHERMAL THERAPY OF TRIPLE-NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER USING FOLIC ACID-TARGETED GOLD NANORODS

2025-12-25T14:04:28+07:00

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype characterized by the absence of hormone receptors and HER2 expression, resulting in limited therapeutic options and poor clinical prognosis. Conventional treatments such as chemotherapy often lack selectivity and are associated with significant systemic toxicity, highlighting the urgent need for more precise and effective therapeutic strategies. This study aims to develop and evaluate folic acid–targeted gold nanorods as a photothermal therapy platform for selective treatment of TNBC. An experimental nanomedicine approach was employed, involving the synthesis of gold nanorods, surface functionalization with folic acid to enable folate receptor–mediated targeting, physicochemical characterization, and biological evaluation in TNBC models. Photothermal performance was assessed under near-infrared laser irradiation, while cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and therapeutic selectivity were systematically analyzed. The results demonstrate that folic acid functionalization significantly enhanced nanoparticle uptake by TNBC cells, leading to higher localized temperature elevation and pronounced cancer cell ablation compared to non-targeted nanorods. Minimal cytotoxic effects were observed in normal breast cells, indicating favorable selectivity. In conclusion, folic acid–targeted gold nanorods provide an effective and selective photothermal therapy strategy for TNBC. This approach shows strong potential for advancing targeted nanomedicine and offers a promising alternative for treating aggressive breast cancer subtypes.