EMBEDDED SYSTEMS DESIGN FOR SMART PRODUCTS IN INDUSTRY FOUR POINT ZERO MANUFACTURING
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Cyber-Physical Systems, Embedded Systems Design, Industry Four Point Zero, Manufacturing Systems, Smart Products
Abstract
Industry Four Point Zero manufacturing has transformed conventional production systems into intelligent, interconnected environments in which smart products play a central role. These smart products rely heavily on embedded systems to enable sensing, real-time control, communication, and autonomous decision-making under strict industrial constraints. This study aims to examine how embedded systems design influences the performance of smart products in Industry Four Point Zero manufacturing contexts, with particular attention to design attributes that support efficiency, adaptability, and reliability. A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining quantitative analysis of survey data collected from industrial practitioners with qualitative insights derived from case-based observations in manufacturing settings. The instruments focused on key embedded system design dimensions, including modularity, real-time responsiveness, communication efficiency, and system reliability, as well as corresponding smart product performance indicators. The results reveal that embedded systems design has a significant and positive effect on smart product performance, with communication efficiency and system reliability emerging as the strongest predictors of operational efficiency and fault tolerance. The findings demonstrate that smart manufacturing effectiveness is strongly determined by device-level design decisions rather than by higher-level digital infrastructures alone. In conclusion, the study highlights embedded systems design as a strategic foundation for smart products and underscores its critical role in achieving sustainable and resilient Industry Four Point Zero manufacturing.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Nana Sujana, Jaden Tan, Sofia Lim
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