Journal of Selvicoltura Asean

A LEGAL FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS OF LAND TENURE CONFLICTS BETWEEN LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND PALM OIL CONCESSIONS IN WEST KALIMANTAN

Loso Judijanto — 2025-12-11

The rapid expansion of oil palm plantations in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, has precipitated a surge in protracted and often volatile land tenure conflicts between concession holders and local communities. These disputes are frequently rooted in a complex and fragmented legal landscape, where competing claims over land ownership and use rights collide. This study aimed to critically analyze the existing legal framework governing land tenure and concession licensing in West Kalimantan to identify the specific legal ambiguities, contradictions, and gaps that contribute to and perpetuate these conflicts. A qualitative legal framework analysis was conducted. The research systematically reviewed and analyzed a hierarchy of legal instruments, including Indonesia’s Basic Agrarian Law, Forestry Law, and investment regulations, alongside provincial land use policies. This was triangulated with an analysis of customary law (hukum adat) and documentation from 25 land conflict case studies. The analysis reveals a state of legal pluralism fraught with conflict. The primary cause of disputes is the state’s non-recognition of customary land rights (tanah ulayat) within the concession licensing (HGU) process. Significant procedural flaws, including a lack of free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) and inadequate compensation mechanisms, were found to consistently disenfranchise local communities, rendering their claims legally invisible. Endemic land tenure conflicts in West Kalimantan are a direct consequence of a dysfunctional legal framework that fails to recognize and protect community rights. Resolving these disputes necessitates fundamental legal reform, including the formal legal recognition of customary land tenure and the mandatory integration of robust FPIC principles into all stages of the concession licensing process.

THE ROLE OF SHADE-GROWN COFFEE AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN CONSERVING BIRD DIVERSITY IN THE SUMATRAN HIGHLANDS

Regi Fernandez — 2025-12-23

Conservation in the Sumatran Highlands is critically threatened by the continuous simplification of shade-grown coffee (SGC) agroforestry systems into sun-grown monocultures, necessitating an urgent evaluation of the ecological function of complex SGC structures. This study aimed to systematically quantify avian species richness (SR) and functional diversity (FDI) across the coffee land-use gradient to establish the specific structural determinants necessary for developing an Avian-Optimized Agroforestry Protocol (AOAP). A quantitative, gradient-based comparative study utilized the Fixed-Radius Point Count method and meticulous structural measurements across 54 plots. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and multiple linear regression. Results showed that High-Diversity SGC (HD-SGC) plots retained 72\% of avian SR and maintained an FDI (4.1) statistically equivalent to natural forest fragments (4.8), proving their functional viability. Regression confirmed that Shade Tree Basal Area (BA) and Canopy Closure (CC) are the most significant positive predictors of bird diversity (R^2=0.78, p < 0.001). Simplified systems, conversely, registered a steep 40\% drop in SR, confirming their ineffectiveness. The research concludes that the AOAP is validated by confirming that conservation value is determined by structural complexity, not just 'shade.' This compels global certification schemes to adopt precise, performance-based ecological standards using quantitative metrics like BA and CC.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOCHAR APPLICATION IN THE REFORESTATION OF POST-MINING LANDS IN EAST KALIMANTAN

Dani Lukman Hakim — 2025-12-20

Large-scale mining in East Kalimantan leaves severely degraded lands characterized by extreme acidity and chemical toxicity, which critically impede mandatory reforestation efforts often exacerbated by the transient nature of conventional amendments. This study aimed to rigorously quantify the effectiveness of varying biochar dosages on the chemical stabilization of post-mining spoil and the subsequent survival and growth of local pioneer tree species, with the goal of developing an Optimal Biochar Application Protocol. A multi-factorial, randomized complete block design experiment was conducted over 24 months, comparing three biochar dosages (up to 10 \text{ t/ha}) against control and mineral fertilizer plots, supported by a Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA). Results demonstrated that the optimal dosage (10 \text{ t/ha}) neutralized the spoil’s \text{pH} from 4.0 to 6.5, doubled the Cation Exchange Capacity (\text{CEC}), and achieved a 92\% plant survival rate (versus 48\% in control plots). The ecologically superior biochar treatment also proved to be 35\% more cost-effective than repetitive mineral fertilization over the study period. The research concludes that biochar provides the durable, holistic, and cost-effective solution, successfully addressing the root cause of reclamation failure. The findings validate the Optimal Biochar Application Protocol, compelling a necessary shift toward sustainable, carbon-sequestering reclamation practices.

DIVERSITY AND COMPOSITION OF VEGETATION IN JOMPI PROTECTED FOREST, SOUTHEAST SULAWESI, INDONESIA

Ernikawati Ernikawati — 2025-06-25

Biodiversity in Indonesia is large and diverse. This biodiversity is the diversity of plants spread across various regions and forests. Forests themselves have several different types and functions, the most common of which is protected forests. One of the benefits of having protected forests is maintaining the environment and air quality. The reason for the need to conduct a forest habitat inventory. There are several potential areas, especially for plants, which can be utilized in the field of forest conservation.The purpose of this study was to examine the biological conditions and vegetation compilers include: density, frequency, dominance, and importance index in the Jompi Protected Forest, Muna Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. This study used the vegetation analysis method in a single plot measuring 100 x 100 m2, which was divided into 25 subplotst. The study was conducted from January to March 2024. Based on the findings, which encompassed 48 species and 28 families, the two species with the highest Importance Value Index were Tectona grandis (67,58%) and Gluta rengas (47,37%). In contrast to other types, a high Importance Value Index indicates that these species are better adapted to the individual environmental conditions. The level of diversity in the Jompi Protected Forest, based on these values ??is categorized as high with a diversity index (H>3.07) in the Protected Forest area. Furthermore, the abundance index can be categorized as moderately abundant in the seedling phase, E > 0.63) while the abundance index in the tree phase is classified as high with a value (E > 0.67).

DESIGNING URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN JAKARTA: AN URBAN FORESTRY APPROACH TO MITIGATE THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT AND ENHANCE BIODIVERSITY

Darmawan Listya Cahya — 2025-12-21

Jakarta faces a severe Urban Heat Island (UHI) crisis and biodiversity loss, challenges compounded by current greening policies that prioritize aesthetics over functional ecological design. This study addresses the lack of a systematic Urban Forestry Design Methodology tailored for hyper-dense tropical megacities. The primary objective was the development and validation of the Dual-Benefit Urban Forestry (DBUF) Model, a prescriptive, GIS-based tool that simultaneously optimizes micro-climate mitigation and native biodiversity enhancement. The methodology employed a geospatial and computational modeling design, utilizing Landsat imagery to map UHI intensity and correlating it with existing UGI features for diagnostic analysis. The DBUF Model was then simulated and assessed in pilot urban zones. Results demonstrated the DBUF Model’s superior performance: optimized layouts achieved a predicted 3.5^{\circ}C reduction in Land Surface Temperature, significantly outperforming existing UGI’s 0.8^{\circ}C reduction, while concurrently predicting a 60\% increase in native bird species richness. The study concludes that the DBUF Model provides the necessary scientifically rigorous framework to shift policy from opportunistic landscaping to performance-based urban forestry, ensuring maximum functional ecological return from limited urban space.