THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASE PATTERNS: GLOBAL MITIGATION STRATEGIES FOR 2030
Indonesia 
Afghanistan Afghanistan 
Article Sidebar
-
Climate Change, Emerging Infectious, Global Health
Abstract
Climate change increasingly reshapes environmental conditions that influence the emergence, transmission, and geographic distribution of infectious diseases, creating significant challenges for global public health systems. This study aimed to examine the impact of climate change on emerging infectious disease patterns and to evaluate the effectiveness of global mitigation strategies through the integration of climate adaptation, environmental governance, healthcare preparedness, and One Health implementation. A mixed-methods sequential explanatory design was employed using epidemiological and environmental datasets from 72 countries. Quantitative analyses included descriptive statistics, structural equation modeling, spatial regression, time-series analysis, mediation and moderation analyses, whereas qualitative evidence was collected through semi-structured interviews, policy reviews, institutional observations, and document analysis. Findings revealed that climate vulnerability significantly increased emerging infectious disease incidence, while environmental degradation accelerated vector expansion and zoonotic spillover risks. Healthcare preparedness partially mediated the relationship between climate adaptation policies and disease control, whereas One Health implementation strengthened mitigation effectiveness through enhanced surveillance and intersectoral collaboration.
Full text article
References
Angelo, K. M. (2023). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with monkeypox in the GeoSentinel Network: A cross-sectional study. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 23(2), 196–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00651-X
Bhattacharjee, N. V. (2024). Global fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2021, with forecasts to 2100: A comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 403(10440), 2057–2099. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00550-6
Chen, Y. (2023). Broadly neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses. Nature Reviews Immunology, 23(3), 189–199. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-022-00784-3
Danpanichkul, P. (2024). Epidemiology of gastrointestinal cancers: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Gut, 74(1), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2024-333227
Degenhardt, L. (2023). Buprenorphine versus methadone for the treatment of opioid dependence: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and observational studies. Lancet Psychiatry, 10(6), 386–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(23)00095-0
García-Marcos, L. (2023). Asthma management and control in children, adolescents, and adults in 25 countries: A Global Asthma Network Phase I cross-sectional study. Lancet Global Health, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00506-X
Gauba, A. (2023). Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms in Gram-Negative Bacteria. Antibiotics, 12(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12111590
Hasib, K. M. (2023). Depression Detection From Social Networks Data Based on Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques: An Interrogative Survey. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, 10(4), 1568–1586. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSS.2023.3263128
Hay, P. (2023). Epidemiology of eating disorders: Population, prevalence, disease burden and quality of life informing public policy in Australia—A rapid review. Journal of Eating Disorders, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-023-00738-7
Hay, S. I. (2025). Burden of 375 diseases and injuries, risk-attributable burden of 88 risk factors, and healthy life expectancy in 204 countries and territories, including 660 subnational locations, 1990–2023: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. Lancet, 406(10513), 1873–1922. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01637-X
Hayman, D. T. S. (2023). Developing One Health surveillance systems. One Health, 17(Query date: 2026-07-19 15:03:12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100617
Huang, D. Q. (2023). Global epidemiology of cirrhosis—Aetiology, trends and predictions. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 20(6), 388–398. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-023-00759-2
Husna, A. (2023). Extended-Spectrum ?-Lactamases (ESBL): Challenges and Opportunities. Biomedicines, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11112937
Jia, J. (2023). Association between healthy lifestyle and memory decline in older adults: 10 year, population based, prospective cohort study. BMJ, 380(Query date: 2026-07-19 15:03:12). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-072691
Jin, Y. (2023). Cardiometabolic multimorbidity, lifestyle behaviours, and cognitive function: A multicohort study. Lancet Healthy Longevity, 4(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-7568(23)00054-5
Kalia, V. C. (2023). Bacterial biofilm inhibitors: An overview. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 264(Query date: 2026-07-19 15:03:12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115389
Kampmann, B. (2023). Bivalent Prefusion F Vaccine in Pregnancy to Prevent RSV Illness in Infants. New England Journal of Medicine, 388(16), 1451–1464. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2216480
Khan, M. S. (2024). Artificial intelligence for low income countries. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03947-w
Kurniawan, T. A. (2023). Challenges and opportunities for biochar to promote circular economy and carbon neutrality. Journal of Environmental Management, 332(Query date: 2026-07-19 15:03:12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117429
Li, T. (2023). Bacterial resistance to antibacterial agents: Mechanisms, control strategies, and implications for global health. Science of the Total Environment, 860(Query date: 2026-07-19 15:03:12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160461
Liang, J. (2025). Global prevalence, trend and projection of myopia in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2050: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 109(3), 362–371. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2024-325427
López, M. J. (2023). Characteristics of gastric cancer around the world. Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology, 181(Query date: 2026-07-19 15:03:12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103841
López-Gil, J. F. (2023). Global Proportion of Disordered Eating in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 177(4), 363–372. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.5848
Nascimento, G. G. (2024). Burden of severe periodontitis and edentulism in 2021, with projections up to 2050: The Global Burden of Disease 2021 study. Journal of Periodontal Research, 59(5), 823–867. https://doi.org/10.1111/jre.13337
Oladipo, A. A. (2023). Bismuth-based nanostructured photocatalysts for the remediation of antibiotics and organic dyes. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 14(Query date: 2026-07-19 15:03:12), 291–321. https://doi.org/10.3762/BJNANO.14.26
Saini, S. (2023). Biofilm-mediated wastewater treatment: A comprehensive review. Materials Advances, 4(6), 1415–1443. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ma00945e
Sharma, S. (2024). Emerging challenges in antimicrobial resistance: Implications for pathogenic microorganisms, novel antibiotics, and their impact on sustainability. Frontiers in Microbiology, 15(Query date: 2026-07-19 15:03:12). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1403168
Steiner, T. J. (2023). Global epidemiology of migraine and its implications for public health and health policy. Nature Reviews Neurology, 19(2), 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-022-00763-1
Ulucanlar, S. (2023). Corporate Political Activity: Taxonomies and Model of Corporate Influence on Public Policy. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2023.7292
Wang, F. (2024). Emerging contaminants: A One Health perspective. Innovation, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100612
Yenet, A. (2023). Challenges to the Availability and Affordability of Essential Medicines in African Countries: A Scoping Review. Clinicoeconomics and Outcomes Research, 15(Query date: 2026-07-19 15:03:12), 443–458. https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S413546
Yu, R. (2024). Engineering Antimicrobial Metal–Phenolic Network Nanoparticles with High Biocompatibility for Wound Healing. Advanced Materials, 36(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202307680
Yuan, Y. (2023). Biochar as a sustainable tool for improving the health of salt-affected soils. Soil and Environmental Health, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seh.2023.100033
Zarbock, A. (2023). Epidemiology of surgery associated acute kidney injury (EPIS-AKI): A prospective international observational multi-center clinical study. Intensive Care Medicine, 49(12), 1441–1455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-023-07169-7
Zhu, H. (2023). Esophageal cancer in China: Practice and research in the new era. International Journal of Cancer, 152(9), 1741–1751. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.34301
