BEYOND PROFIT AND PLAY: GAME-BASED SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A CATALYST FOR SUSTAINABLE IMPACT

Ethan Tan (1), Ava Lee (2), Thomas Mitchell (3), Dodi Setiawan Riatmaja (4)
(1) National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore,
(2) Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore,
(3) University of Adelaide, Australia,
(4) Universitas Amikom Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract

The increasing complexity of global social and environmental challenges has intensified the need for innovative models of social entrepreneurship that move beyond conventional profit-oriented and philanthropic approaches. Game-based systems have emerged as interactive digital mechanisms capable of fostering sustained engagement, behavioral change, and collective action, yet their strategic role in social entrepreneurship remains underexplored. This study aims to examine how game-based social entrepreneurship functions as a catalyst for sustainable impact by integrating interactive design with social value creation. A qualitative multiple-case research design was employed, involving eight social enterprises that systematically utilize game-based mechanisms to address social and environmental challenges. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and platform engagement metrics, and analyzed using thematic and comparative techniques. The results indicate that social enterprises embedding narrative-driven gameplay, cooperative mechanics, and mission-linked feedback systems achieve higher levels of sustained user engagement, mission alignment, and impact scalability. Game-based systems were found to operate as structural infrastructures rather than supplementary engagement tools. The study concludes that game-based social entrepreneurship represents a transformative model that bridges digital innovation and sustainability, enabling social enterprises to translate participatory play into durable social impact and long-term value creation.

Full text article

Generated from XML file

References

Allegretti, A., Ayilu, R. K., Okafor-Yarwood, I. M., Standen, S., & Hicks, C. C. (2025). Beyond growth? Understanding the grassroots entrepreneurship of women fish processors in Ghana. World Development Perspectives, 38, 100687. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2025.100687

Bassam Madi-Odeh, R., & Yousef Obeidat, B. (2025). The moderating role of managerial discretion: the impact of dynamic managerial capabilities on established firms’ response strategies to disruptive innovation. International Journal of Innovation Science, 18(1), 130–165. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-11-2023-0258

Blankesteijn, M. L. (M. L. ., Houtkamp, J. (J. ., & Bossink, B. (B. A. G. . (2024). Towards transformative experiential learning in science- and technology-based entrepreneurship education for sustainable technological innovation. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 9(3), 100544. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100544

Byrne, J., & Giuliani, A. P. (2025). The rise and fall of the girlboss: Gender, social expectations and entrepreneurial hype. Journal of Business Venturing, 40(4), 106486. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2025.106486

Chandra, A., Shukla, D. M., Sharma, S., & Dwivedi, G. (2024). Fostering environmentally sustainable business: Analysis of factors from entrepreneurial ecosystem perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 476, 143667. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143667

Chen, Z., & Barcus, H. R. (2024). The rise of home-returning women’s entrepreneurship in China’s rural development: Producing the enterprising self through empowerment, cooperation, and networking. Journal of Rural Studies, 105, 103156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2023.103156

da Fonseca, A. L. A., Chimenti, P., & Campos, R. D. (2023). ‘Take my advice’: Entrepreneurial consumers and the ecosystemic logics of digital platforms. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 193, 122601. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122601

Dawa, S., & Marks, J. (2023). An effectuation approach to sustainable entrepreneurship. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 16(6), 1930–1964. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-06-2023-0252

Djebali, Z., Di Domenico, M., & Saunders, M. N. K. (2025). Later-working-life social entrepreneurial identities: a dynamic self-categorisation framework. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 31(9), 2249–2270. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-06-2023-0575

Domínguez-Gómez, J. A. (2024). The governance-gender intersection in global mining and its socio-environmental impacts. Journal of Cleaner Production, 469, 143176. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143176

Donaldson, C., Villagrasa, J., Alegre, J., & Liguori, E. W. (2024). Back to the future: Entrepreneurial leadership and levelling up in the mobile-gaming sector. Technology in Society, 79, 102748. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102748

Gawe?, A., Ksendzuk, V., Patlatoi, O., & Wach, A. (2025). Digital business simulation games in higher education during armed conflicts. The International Journal of Management Education, 23(3), 101261. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101261

Gokce, N., & Yildiz, A. (2025). Communities of practice and rural women’s empowerment: Insights from a case study of grassroots cooperative in Turkey. Journal of Rural Studies, 119, 103813. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103813

Gotsopoulos, A., & Pitsakis, K. (2024). United we stand? Organizational groups and spinoff mortality in the context of academic entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 39(1), 106360. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2023.106360

Ho, C. S. M., Chiu, S. W., & Liu, L. C. (2025). Middle leaders as catalysts for faux comprehension and pseudo-understanding: Teacher sensemaking challenges in curriculum reform. International Journal of Educational Research, 131, 102580. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2025.102580

Ho, T. L., Ngoc, L. H., & Ho, T. H. (2025). Digital inclusion or exclusion? Exploring the moderating role of governance in digitalization’s impact on income inequality in developing countries. Research in Globalization, 10, 100283. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2025.100283

Hossain, M. R., Rao, A., Sharma, G. D., Dev, D., & Kharbanda, A. (2024). Empowering energy transition: Green innovation, digital finance, and the path to sustainable prosperity through green finance initiatives. Energy Economics, 136, 107736. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107736

Kah, S., Murithi, W., Munawar, M., Ogunmokun, O., & Osei-Nimo, S. (2025). The cost of “everything”: minoritized social entrepreneurs’ response and adaptation during the cost-of-living crisis. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 32(1), 75–102. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-01-2024-0061

Kakeesh, D. F. (2024). Female entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial ecosystems. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 26(3), 485–526. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JRME-09-2023-0158

Kamundala, G. (2025). "ICI ON TRAVAILLE: The role of cooperatives in structuring social relations of production in artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Eastern DRC. Journal of Rural Studies, 113, 103483. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103483

Kosta, B., & Ramadani, V. (2025). The impact of circular economy practices on firm performance: evidence from the Western Balkans. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 19(4), 966–990. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-12-2024-0271

Kraus, S., Kumar, S., Lim, W. M., Kaur, J., Sharma, A., & Schiavone, F. (2023). From moon landing to metaverse: Tracing the evolution of Technological Forecasting and Social Change. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 189, 122381. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122381

L. Scott, M., Mende, M., & García Ramón, L. (2025). Inclusivity in the marketplace through the lens of social-movements and counter-movements theories. Journal of Business Research, 189, 115058. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.115058

le Polain de Waroux, Y., & Kronenburg García, A. (2025). “Dream brokers” and the moral economy of frontier investments. World Development, 195, 107109. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107109

Leitão, M. E., Amaral, M., & Carvalho, A. (2024). Reconceptualizing socio-tech entrepreneurship: A systematic literature review and research agenda. Technovation, 134, 103018. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2024.103018

Liu, Y., Zhao, Y., & Liu, X. (2025). Institutional action, institutional entrepreneurship, and China’s inward FDI policy: A co-evolution analysis. International Business Review, 34(1), 102342. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2024.102342

Lyver, M. J., & Lees, H. R. (2025). Bridging the employability gap: enhancing soft skills via business gaming simulations. Education + Training, 67(9), 895–912. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-07-2022-0270

Maddaloni, F. Di, Meira, L. H., de Andrade, M. O., de Melo, I. R., Castro, A., & Locatelli, G. (2025). The dark legacy of megaprojects: A case of local disengagement, missed opportunities, and social value dissipation. International Journal of Project Management, 43(1), 102676. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2025.102676

Madzík, P., Falát, L., Yadav, N., Lizarelli, F. L., & ?arnogurský, K. (2024). Exploring uncharted territories of sustainable manufacturing: A cutting-edge AI approach to uncover hidden research avenues in green innovations. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 9(3), 100498. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100498

Medase, S. K., Ahali, A. Y., & Belitski, M. (2023). Natural resources, quality of institutions and entrepreneurship activity. Resources Policy, 83, 103592. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103592

Monteiro, A. P., Cepêda, C., Borges, A. P., & Vieira, E. (2025). Does CSR committee presence, stakeholder engagement, gender equality (SDG 5) and firm value influence ESG performance reporting? An EU pre and during Covid-19 analysis. Measuring Business Excellence, 29(2), 171–192. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/MBE-03-2024-0034

Müller, M., Vaseková, V., Kro?il, O., & Kosina, D. (2024). COVID-19 as an advantage or a disaster? Crisis and change management strategies of Hong Kong social entrepreneurs during the pandemic. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 38(1), 25–58. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-02-2024-0101

Nguyen, L. T. Van, Cleveland, D., Nguyen, C. T. M., & Joyce, C. E. (2025). Empowering and implementing sustainability integration into higher education curriculum in emerging countries: ‘walk the talk’ or ‘talk the talk’? International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 26(9), 389–411. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-10-2024-0757

Oliver, P. G., Mora, L., & Zhang, J. (2025). Collaboration before competition: How smart city entrepreneurs co-create temporary ecosystems to build capacity for learning. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 214, 124046. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2025.124046

Ordiñana-Bellver, D., Aguado-Berenguer, S., Pérez-Campos, C., & González-Serrano, M. H. (2024). Exploring nature-based physical activity as a catalyst for sustainable entrepreneurial intentions in sport science students. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 34, 100482. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2024.100482

Phillips, A., Luo, R., & Wendland-Liu, J. (2024). Shifting the paradigm: A critical review of social innovation literature. International Journal of Innovation Studies, 8(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijis.2023.08.003

Richardson, K. (2024). The Cascadia Innovation Corridor: The role of social entrepreneurship in the making of a North American innovative cross-border region. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 16(9), 100067. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rspp.2024.100067

Sharma, W., Lim, W. M., Kumar, S., Verma, A., & Kumra, R. (2024). Game on! A state-of-the-art overview of doing business with gamification. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 198, 122988. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122988

Tabares, S., Dionisio, M., & Parida, V. (2025). Leveraging corporate social innovation by hybrid organizations: A strategic perspective from B Corps in Latin America. Journal of Business Research, 186, 114945. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114945

Wengle, S., Girardi, D., & Veneziani, R. (2025). Expectations, authority and divergent market transitions. World Development, 196, 107105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107105

Williamsson, J., & Sandoff, A. (2023). Holding hands on the platform: Exploring the influence of municipal open innovation platforms on sustainable business model innovation. Cities, 140, 104455. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104455

Wu, W., Chen, X., Zvarych, R., & Huang, W. (2024). The Stackelberg duel between Central Bank Digital Currencies and private payment titans in China. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 200, 123169. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.123169

Xia, T., & Chen, X. (2025). Unlocking sustainable production pathways: Digital transformation driving green dual innovation in Chinese enterprises. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 19, 100301. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100301

Živojinovi?, I., Rogelja, T., Weiss, G., Ludvig, A., & Secco, L. (2023). Institutional structures impeding forest-based social innovation in Serbia and Slovenia. Forest Policy and Economics, 151, 102971. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2023.102971

Zuo, H., Zhang, M., & Huang, W. (2025). Lifelong learning in vocational education: A game-theoretical exploration of innovation, entrepreneurial spirit, and strategic challenges. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 10(3), 100694. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2025.100694

Authors

Ethan Tan
ethantan@gmail.com (Primary Contact)
Ava Lee
Thomas Mitchell
Dodi Setiawan Riatmaja
Tan, E., Lee, A., Mitchell, T., & Riatmaja, D. S. (2026). BEYOND PROFIT AND PLAY: GAME-BASED SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A CATALYST FOR SUSTAINABLE IMPACT. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship and Creative Technology, 3(2), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.70177/jseact.v3i2.3379

Article Details