Digital Surveillance, Privacy Rights, and State Power: Rethinking Legal Safeguards in the Age of Big Data
Indonesia Indonesia 
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Big Data, Digital Surveillance, Legal Safeguards, Privacy Rights, State Power
Abstract
Background. The rapid advancement of digital surveillance technologies in the age of big data has raised significant concerns regarding privacy rights and state power. As governments and corporations increasingly rely on digital surveillance to enhance security and gather data, the implications for personal privacy have become more complex. While legal frameworks have been established to protect privacy, they often fail to keep pace with the rapid technological evolution, leaving gaps in safeguarding individuals' rights.
Purpose. This research explores the tension between digital surveillance, privacy rights, and state power, critically examining the legal safeguards that exist to protect privacy in this context. The study aims to assess the adequacy of current legal frameworks in balancing the demands of security with the protection of individual freedoms.
Method. A qualitative methodology was employed, involving an analysis of international legal documents, case law, and expert interviews.
Results. The findings indicate that existing laws, while addressing privacy to some extent, often lack enforceability and fail to effectively limit state surveillance powers.
Conclusion. This study concludes that stronger, more adaptive legal frameworks are necessary to ensure privacy protection while accommodating legitimate state surveillance needs. The research contributes to the growing discourse on the intersection of law, technology, and human rights, offering recommendations for reforming legal safeguards in the digital age.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Awan Karunia Sanjaya, Ruruk Ronting
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