NANOFABRICATION STRATEGIES FOR ARTIFICIAL CELLS, TISSUES, AND ORGANS
Abstract
Nanofabrication techniques have emerged as pivotal tools in the creation of artificial cells, tissues, and organs, which hold the potential to revolutionize regenerative medicine and organ transplantation. The ability to precisely engineer materials at the nanoscale allows for the replication of biological structures, enabling the development of functional tissue replacements and therapeutic devices. Traditional methods in tissue engineering often face challenges in mimicking the complexity of natural tissues and organs, leading to suboptimal functionality and biocompatibility. This study investigates various nanofabrication strategies used in the development of artificial cells, tissues, and organs, with an emphasis on their applications in biomedical fields. The main objective of this research is to assess the effectiveness of different nanofabrication approaches, such as 3D printing, self-assembly, and nanolithography, in replicating the architecture and functionality of human tissues. In vitro and in vivo models are employed to evaluate the biocompatibility, structural integrity, and functional performance of fabricated constructs. The results indicate that nanofabricated systems show significant promise in replicating the mechanical, biochemical, and cellular properties of natural tissues. In conclusion, nanofabrication offers an innovative approach to the creation of functional artificial tissues and organs, which could significantly impact the future of medical treatments, particularly in tissue regeneration and transplantation.
Full text article
References
Aizarna-Lopetegui, U., Bittinger, S. C., Álvarez, N., Henriksen-Lacey, M., & Jimenez de Aberasturi, D. (2025). Stimuli-responsive hybrid materials for 4D in vitro tissue models. Materials Today Bio, 33, 102035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.102035
Ajayan, J., Sreejith, S., Manikandan, M., & Dhivyasri, G. (2026). Recent developments in nanobiosensors and emerging nanotechnologies for rapid cardiovascular disease detection: A review. Measurement, 270, 120821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120821
Alam, A., Kumar, A., Jiji, S., Akhila, K., & Khandelwal, M. (2025). Integrating life into material design for living materials 4.0: Navigating challenges and future trajectories from static to dynamic evolution. Materials Today, 90, 385–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2025.08.015
Aljabali, A. A. A., Alwattar, J. K., Obeid, M. A., & Tambuwala, M. M. (2026). Next-generation Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions. Current Nanoscience, 22(1), 33–54. https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734137337233250106115802
Anggraini, L. E., Younis, M. N., Abdalmwla, M. A., Alharbi, G. G., Yanboui, K. E., Al-Saadi, A. A., & Basheer, C. (2026). Microfluidics in separation science: Fabrication, applications and intelligent systems. Journal of Chromatography A, 1774, 466852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466852
Aslam, Mohd., Rani, A., Khan, J., Pandey, S., Nand, B., Singh, P., & Pandey, G. (2025). A comprehensive overview of AI–nanotech convergence for a resilient future. Next Research, 2(3), 100639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexres.2025.100639
Barhoum, A., Naseef, A., Ahmed, Y. M., Zahran, M. K., Alhashemi, Y., Mohamed, M. S., Rizk, M. S., & Abdel-Haleem, F. M. (2025). Modern designs of electrochemical sensor for accurate drug analysis in pharmaceutical and biological samples: Principles, nanofabrication, and key challenges. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 337, 130588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2025.130588
Bi, Y., Xie, S., Li, Z., Dong, S., & Teng, L. (2025). Precise nanoscale fabrication technologies, the “last mile” of medicinal development. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 15(5), 2372–2401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2025.03.040
Boretti, A. (2026). Photonics-Integrated and AI-Enhanced Medical Sensing: From Molecular Diagnostics to Real-Time Cell Therapy Monitoring. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2026.06.003
Bose, P., Ray, D., Sah, S. K., & Kaity, S. (2026). Implantable nanoelectronics: Material considerations and biointerface interactions. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 47, e01837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01837
Chaudhary, V., Sonu, S., Raizada, P., & Kaushik, A. (2025). Bacteriogenic metallic and semiconducting nano-system as a potential sustainable solution for one health complexities. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 346, 103648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2025.103648
Fan, S., Ge, Y., Li, B., Liu, P., & Liu, X. (2025). Advancements in Microfluidic Organ-on-a-chip for Oral Medicine. International Dental Journal, 75(5), 100925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2025.100925
Fei, G., Zhang, S., Li, Y., Peng, M., Tang, Z., Gu, X., Li, X., Zhang, K., Xie, J., Ni, Y., Zhou, K., & Tu, M. (2025). Emerging soft medical robots for clinical translations from diagnosis through therapy to rehabilitation. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 165, 100990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2025.100990
Guan, C., Mendes, B. B., Conniot, J., Dias, A. L., Hammad, L., Thambi, T., Langer, R., Rodrigues, T., Conde, J., & de la Fuente-Nunez, C. (2025). Accelerating discoveries in cancer nanomedicine using AI. Cell Biomaterials, 1(11), 100279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celbio.2025.100279
Guo, A., Zhang, S., Yang, R., & Sui, C. (2024). Enhancing the mechanical strength of 3D printed GelMA for soft tissue engineering applications. Materials Today Bio, 24, 100939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100939
Hamzat, Y., Aljabali, A. A. A., El-Tanani, M., & Tambuwala, M. M. (2025). From Nanomaterials to Well-Defined Structures: Exploring Layer-by-layer Assembly Techniques. Current Nanoscience, 21(3), 404–422. https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734137280856231219102128
Hong, S. H., Huh, J., De, R., Park, R., Yang, S. M., Choi, H., Jung, H. S., & Hahn, S. K. (2025). Smart bioelectronic materials and systems for regenerative tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 323, 123427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123427
Ju, Y., Hsiung, N., Zou, P., Zhao, H., Yang, K., Xiang, X., Feng, Y., Qiao, Z., Wang, B., Sun, Y., & Wang, X. (2026). Advancing multiscale vascular engineering for regeneration and transplantation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 534, 175126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2026.175126
Kumar, S., Malviya, R., Sridhar, S. B., Wadhwa, T., & Shareef, J. (2026). Artificial intelligence and machine learning driven nanorobotics for targeted brain delivery: Redefining blood-brain barrier navigation. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 429, 110695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2026.110695
Li, X., Li, B., Huang, P., Xing, Y., Wu, Z., & Liu, L. (2025). Light responsive liquid crystal elastomer with intramolecular polymerizable MXene for microneedle insertion control. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 439, 137809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2025.137809
Liu, T., Yang, Y., Yu, W., Zhao, Y., & Chen, T. (2026). Engineering biomaterials-based nanoplatforms for precision-targeted therapeutic delivery. Cell Biomaterials, 100420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celbio.2026.100420
Maryam, H. K., Zafar, R., Afzal, A., Afzal, U., Fatima, H., & Batool, A. (2026). Chapter 5—Advanced nanostructures in healthcare. In U. Afzal, N. Ahmad, A. Fatima, & U. Chatterjee (Eds.), Developments in Environmental Science (Vol. 20, pp. 83–106). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-41688-0.00001-3
Mikimoto, D., & Takeuchi, S. (2025). 2.20—Tissue Engineering. In Y. B. Gianchandani (Ed.), Comprehensive Microsystems (Second Edition) (pp. 685–719). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95478-5.00016-9
Mim, J. J., Mamun, A. A., Nayem, M. H., Mahmud, S., Nath, A., Rahman, S. M., Fidal, S. A., & Hossain, N. (2026). Machine learning-driven advances in nanotechnology: From materials design to process optimization – A review. Materials Today Communications, 50, 114485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.114485
Na, J., Huang, L., Wang, L., Ni, Y., Chen, Y., Luo, Q., & Li, Y. (2026). Advanced materials for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease comorbidity therapeutics. Biomaterials, 333, 124209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2026.124209
Olawade, D. B., Ige, A. O., Olaremu, A. G., Ijiwade, J. O., & Adeola, A. O. (2024). The synergy of artificial intelligence and nanotechnology towards advancing innovation and sustainability—A mini-review. Nano Trends, 8, 100052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nwnano.2024.100052
Samant, S. S., & Kapoor, D. U. (2026). Chapter 13—Artificial intelligence and personalized medication using nanodots. In B. G. Prajapati, D. U. Kapoor, & N. Ali (Eds.), Nanodots for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment (pp. 321–346). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-27511-1.00001-7
Singh, G., Mishra, A., Mathur, A., Shastri, S., Nizam, A., Rizwan, A., Dadial, A. S., Firdous, A., & Hassan, H. (2024). Advancement of organ-on-chip towards next generation medical technology. Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X, 18, 100480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2024.100480
Sun, L., Fang, Y., Wang, Y., Bian, F., & Zhao, Y. (2025). Photonic crystal colorimetric sensing in heart-on-a-chip systems. Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering, 34, 100578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobme.2025.100578
Taha, B. A., Sulaiman, G. M., Addie, A. J., Khalil, K. A. A., Ahmed, E. M., Chaudhary, V., & Arsad, N. (2025). Multifunctional nanophotonic photoacoustic biosensors: A new era in molecular imaging–guided deep-tissue cancer monitoring. Methods, 242, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2025.06.005
Taneja, D., Ahmed, F., Naeem, M., Tuteja, N., Gill, R., & Gill, S. S. (2026). Nanofabricated fertilizers for precision nutrient delivery and abiotic stress management in crop plants. Plant Nano Biology, 16, 100304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plana.2026.100304
Tuli, N. T., Rashid, A. B., & Hoque, M. E. (2026). 20—Artificial intelligence in additive manufacturing for biomedical engineering. In M. E. Hoque, R. Kumar, & I. Gibson (Eds.), 3D Printing for Biomedical Engineering (pp. 561–594). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-16100-1.00012-6
Wang, H., Li, Y., Qiu, D., Pan, Q., Xu, Y., Liu, Y., & Wu, Y. (2025). Personalized Nanomedicine-Mediated immune regulation for Anti-Rejection in organ transplantation. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 674, 125450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125450
Wani, S. I., Mir, T. A., Nakamura, M., Tsuchiya, T., Alzhrani, A., Iwanaga, S., Arai, K., Alshehri, E. A., Shamma, T., Obeid, D. A., Chinnappan, R., Assiri, A. M., Yaqinuddin, A., Vashist, Y. K., & Broering, D. C. (2024). A review of current state-of-the-art materiobiology and technological approaches for liver tissue engineering. Bioprinting, 42, e00355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00355
Yin, Y., Zhao, Q., Wang, Z., Li, Z., Liu, H., Eghbalitabar, F., Shang, J., Tang, L., & Wang, W. (2026). From conceptual design to translational progress: Emerging advances in intelligent microneedles for biomedical applications. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 16(4), 1804–1847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2026.01.021
Yuan, Q., Mao, B., Hao, H., & Qu, J. (2025). Chapter 9—Progress and challenges in micro and nanofabrication of wearable sensors. In T. A. Nguyen (Ed.), Advanced Sensors for Smart Healthcare (pp. 167–189). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-24790-3.00010-7
Zhou, R., Wang, P., Yu, Y., Ye, J., Chen, C., Xu, J., Ma, B., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Li, B., Feng, Y., Zhao, J., Tang, H., Lu, J., Zhuang, S., Feng, S., & Zhang, D. (2026). Roadmap to highest-throughput Raman flow cytometry for biological applications. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 197, 118699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2026.118699
Authors
Copyright (c) 2026 Silva Fitri, Miku Fujita, Daiki Nishida

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.