Strengthening Underwater Security in ALKI II: Integrating Technology-Based Maritime Control Capabilities from a National Defense Perspective
Authors
-
Yusuf Nur Arifin
yusufanustrategic366@gmail.comPoliteknik Angkatan Laut,
Indonesia
-
James Firman Gohan Siagian
Politeknik Angkatan Laut, Indonesia
-
Supriadi Supriadi
Politeknik Angkatan Laut, Indonesia
Downloads
Background. The expansion of subsea infrastructure in ALKI II introduces complex security threats, demanding a strong synergy between advanced technology and institutional capabilities to maintain maritime domain awareness.
Purpose. This study investigates how technology-based control capabilities support underwater security and identifies the key organizational factors that determine their success from a defense perspective.
Method. Employing a qualitative case study design, data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 30 key stakeholders, document analysis, and field observations, then analyzed using thematic coding and exploratory inferential analysis.
Results. Technology-driven capabilities significantly boosted situational awareness and institutional decision-making. High technological readiness strongly correlated with overall security effectiveness (r = 0.74, p < 0.001), with organizational readiness and staff competence serving as critical supporting drivers.
Conclusion. Technology alone is insufficient; sustainable underwater defense requires combining high-tech systems with skilled personnel, interoperable networks, sound governance, and cohesive interagency coordination.
Boztas, A., & Turkmen, N. C. (2025). An interdisciplinary analysis of Turkiye’s space policy: An economic and political perspective. Space Policy, 72, 101664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2024.101664
Chen, Y., Luo, Y., Liu, J., Zhu, J., Zou, Y., Lv, K., Chen, J., Xu, B., & Li, H. (2026). Digital Twin System for Multi-Scale Motion Prediction of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 14(6), 557. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14060557
Chu, S., Koe, J., Garlan, D., & Kang, E. (2024). Integrating Graceful Degradation and Recovery through Requirement-driven Adaptation. Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems, 122–132. https://doi.org/10.1145/3643915.3644090
Chung, S., Sardak, D., Cegan, J., & Linkov, I. (2025). Assessing the Robustness and Resilience of U.S. Strategic Highways: A Network Science Perspective. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2679(11), 480–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981251348445
Cynarski, W. J. (2024). Castles and Other Fortifications Versus Martial Art. Sport i Turystyka ?rodkowoeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe, 7(3), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.16926/sit.2024.03.01
Elkhider, S. M., & Imran, I. H. (2026a). Robust Adaptive Affine Formation Control of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles with Data Distribution Services Middleware Framework. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 51(13), 16063–16075. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-025-10899-z
Elkhider, S. M., & Imran, I. H. (2026b). Robust Adaptive Affine Formation Control of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles with Data Distribution Services Middleware Framework. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 51(13), 16063–16075. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-025-10899-z
Friocourt, Y., Blaas, M., Bonte, M., Vos, R., Slomp, R., Wilmink, R., Lodder, Q., Brakenhoff, L., & Van Gool, S. (2025). The Impact of Extreme Sea Level Rise on the National Strategies for Flood Protection and Freshwater in the Netherlands. Water, 17(7), 919. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17070919
Gan, L., Gao, Z., Zhang, X., Xu, W., Cai, Y., & Song, L. (2025). Maritime vessel trajectory prediction based on sequential long short-term memory and U-Net architectures. Ocean Engineering, 334, 121598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.121598
Gans, B. (2024). Special Operations and National Security: Policies, Strategies, and Tactics (1 ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003365112
Glassberg, E., Gozlan, A., Izak, M., Beer, Z. A., Lapid, G., Moshe, T., Rushkin, G., Sharony, E., Shinar, E., Sobarzo, O., & Yazer, M. H. (2025). Emergency preparedness on a national level: Israel’s three?pronged approach to collecting and supplying blood during times of crisis. Vox Sanguinis, vox.70160. https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.70160
Graber, M. A. (2025). SECTION THREE OF THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SECTION TWO OF THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT. Wisconsin Law Review. https://doi.org/10.59015/wlr.GZOY6855
Hou, X., Chen, Y., Zhang, B., & Yang, Y. (2024). Review of Research Progress on Passive Direction-of-Arrival Tracking Technology for Underwater Targets. Remote Sensing, 16(23), 4511. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16234511
Jiang, F., & Yang, G. (2026). Adaptive Wing Morphing and Intelligent Control Method of Amphibious Aircraft. Dalam R. Li, Z. Liu, & Y. Zheng (Ed.), Trends in Advanced Unmanned Aerial Systems (hlm. 140–148). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-7840-5_15
Koruk, T., & Bilgin, T. T. (2025). Unveiling trends: A comprehensive analysis of state funded projects of Türkiye through content analysis and text mining. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 9(2), 237–249. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1538068
Kruglashov, A. (2025). A Long Way From Ghost of the Failed State to Resistance and Resilience: The Case of Ukraine. Dalam G. Rouet & G. C. Pascariu (Ed.), Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood Countries (hlm. 523–547). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73379-6_19
Lai, D.-Y., Tseng, C.-L., Fu, W.-C., & Wu, W.-C. (2026). Lost in Words: Framing Effects on Public Willingness to Fight. Public Opinion Quarterly, 90(2), 478–517. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfag007
Lala, S., Biswas, I., Basumallick, N., Biswas, P., & Basu, B. (2025). National Strategy Paper on Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sensors: Status, Challenges and Recommendations. Transactions of the Indian National Academy of Engineering, 10(4), 637–647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41403-025-00547-1
Li, Y.-F., Xue, W.-Q., Li, Y.-C., Zhan, Y.-H., Xie, Q., Li, Y.-K., Zha, J.-W., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China, & School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China. (2024). Research progress of flexible energy storage dielectric materials with sandwiched structure. Acta Physica Sinica, 73(2), 027702. https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.73.20230614
Liu, C., Zhou, F., Jiang, J., & Wen, H. (2025). Sustainable Governance of the Global Rare Earth Industry Chains: Perspectives of Geopolitical Cooperation and Conflict. Sustainability, 17(11), 4881. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114881
Maesschalck, S. (2024). Gentlemen, you can’t fight in here. Or can you?: How cyberspace operations impact international security. World Affairs, 187(1), 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/waf2.12004
Mai, H., Zhu, R., Boukerche, A., & Yang, Q. (2025). A Dual-Layer Trust Model based on Digital Twins for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks. GLOBECOM 2025 - 2025 IEEE Global Communications Conference, 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOBECOM59602.2025.11432209
Mastrángelo, M. (2024). “O Famatina não deve ser tocado.” Processos de luta e resistência em torno da exploração do Cerro Famatina, La Rioja, Argentina. Revista Tempo e Argumento, 16(43), e0107. https://doi.org/10.5965/2175180316432024e0107
Navumau, V., Gustafsson, M., & Matveieva, O. (2025). Digital Technologies and Citizen Agency During Crises: Democratic Engagement in Ukraine and Belarus. Dalam N. Kolleck & I. P. Karolewski (Ed.), Rethinking Citizenship in Central and Eastern Europe (hlm. 109–137). Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529240818.ch006
Osflaten, A. (2025). Russian Forecasting and Pre-emption: The Prelude to the Invasion of Ukraine. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 8(1), 57–73. https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.361
Paananen, S. (2026). Interoperability: An Intertwined Phenomenon Requiring Multidimensional and Multilevel Coordination and Cooperation. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 9(1), 174–190. https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.364
Papandroulakis, N. (2026). Mediterranean Aquaculture in a New Era of Challenges: Digital Transformation and Precision Fish Farming. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 46(1). https://doi.org/10.48045/001c.165332
Raisio, H., Niemi, T., Puustinen, A., Kosonen, J., & Valtonen, V. (2025). Beneath the Surface: Spontaneous Volunteering and Its Perceived Role in Shaping Community Resilience in National Defence. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 8(1), 484–502. https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.371
Seefried, E. (2024). SHAPING TOMORROW’S WORLD (1 ed.). Berghahn Books. https://doi.org/10.3167/9781805395157
Suter, V., Ma, C., Pöhlmann, G., & Meckel, M. (2025). When Politicians Talk AI: Issue?Frames in Parliamentary Debates Before and After ChatGPT. Policy & Internet, 17(3), e70010. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.70010
Tadros, M., Aung, M. Z., Louvros, P., Pollalis, C., Nazemian, A., & Boulougouris, E. (2025). Ship Manoeuvring Research 2010–2025: From Hydrodynamics and Control to Digital Twins, AI and MASS. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 13(12), 2322. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122322
Tran, M. P., & Vo, D. H. (2024). Can local and global geopolitical risk predict governments’ military spending behaviour? International evidence. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 71(4), 588–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12382
Wan, J., & Li, L. (2026). Aquaculture Net Cage Breakage Detection Based on improved YOLOv8. 2026 5th International Symposium on Computer Applications and Information Technology (ISCAIT), 511–515. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCAIT69154.2026.11477481
Wang, W., Guo, Q., Yang, P., & Xia, C. (2025). Dynamic coupling coordination of territorial spatial development intensity and comprehensive disaster-carrying capability: A case study of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomerations, China. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 137, 103818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2024.103818
Wei, S., Cao, R., & Sui, J. (2026). WCB-YOLO: An Improved Detection Algorithm for Underwater Fishing Vessel Surface Defects. 2026 6th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Big Data and Algorithms (CAIBDA), 339–344. https://doi.org/10.1109/CAIBDA70336.2026.11621181
Williams, J. A. (2024). Carceral and Cathartic by Design: An Anti-Racism Historical Analysis of School Discipline in the U.S. Peabody Journal of Education, 99(1), 142–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956X.2024.2305034
Wong, J. H., Chiou, E. K., Gutzwiller, R. S., Cook, M. B., & Fallon, C. K. (2024). Human-Artificial Intelligence Teaming for the U.S. Navy: Developing a Holistic Research Roadmap. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 68(1), 380–385. https://doi.org/10.1177/10711813241260352
Xu, Y., Zhou, X., Zhou, W., Huang, J., & Guo, Z. (2026). A Robust Superwetting Coating With Hierarchical Porous Gel Networks Structure via Hydrogen?Bond Cross?Linking and Coordination?Driven Assembly. Advanced Functional Materials, 36(50), e76048. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.76048
Zhou, Y., Wen, L., Wang, F., Xu, C., Weng, A., Lin, Y., & Li, B. (2024). Exploring and Predicting Landscape Changes and Their Driving Forces within the Mulan River Basin in China from the Perspective of Production–Living–Ecological Space. Sustainability, 16(11), 4708. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114708
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusuf Nur Arifin, James Firman Gohan Siagian, Supriadi Supriadi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
