EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTIONS FOR LEARNING DISABILITIES: EFFICACY AND CHALLENGES
Indonesia 
Brazil Brazil 
Article Sidebar
-
Academic Outcomes, Educational Interventions, Learning Disabilities
Abstract
Learning disabilities (LD) affect a significant portion of the student population worldwide, presenting challenges to academic achievement and personal development. While educational interventions have been developed to address these challenges, their efficacy varies across different contexts and student populations. Understanding which interventions are most effective and the challenges they present is essential for improving educational outcomes for students with learning disabilities. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of various educational interventions for learning disabilities and to identify the challenges faced in implementing these strategies in diverse educational settings. The research seeks to offer insights into the best practices for supporting students with learning disabilities. A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies was conducted, focusing on interventions aimed at improving reading, writing, and mathematics skills in students with learning disabilities. Data from 50 peer-reviewed articles were analyzed to assess the effectiveness of these interventions in different educational environments. The findings indicate that personalized instruction, multi-sensory approaches, and assistive technology are the most effective interventions for improving academic outcomes. Educational interventions for learning disabilities are generally effective, though their success is contingent on overcoming several challenges. Future efforts should focus on improving accessibility, teacher support, and tailored interventions to enhance outcomes for students with learning disabilities.
Full text article
References
Acharya, M., & Mohbey, K. (2024). Virtual environment role in higher education students learning enhancement with intellectual disabilities. … and Informatics for Students with Disabilities, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0914-4_3
Ahuja, N., Dutt, S., Choudhary, S., & ... (2025). Intelligent tutoring system in education for disabled learners using human–computer interaction and augmented reality. International Journal of …, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2124359
Al-Dababneh, K., & Al-Zboon, E. (2022). Using assistive technologies in the curriculum of children with specific learning disabilities served in inclusion settings: Teachers’ beliefs and professionalism. Disability and Rehabilitation …, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://doi.org/10.1080/17483107.2020.1752824
Aro, T., Eklund, K., Eloranta, A., & ... (2022). Learning disabilities elevate children’s risk for behavioral-emotional problems: Differences between LD types, genders, and contexts. … Learning Disabilities, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194211056297
Bressane, A., Zwirn, D., Essiptchouk, A., & ... (2024). Understanding the role of study strategies and learning disabilities on student academic performance to enhance educational approaches: A proposal using …. … and Education: Artificial …, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666920X23000759
Chang, W. (2024). Effects of academic achievement and academic self-concept on the self-efficacy and mental health of students with learning disabilities. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://epbulletin.epc.ntnu.edu.tw/BEP/upload/journal/prog/fd2286e2_20241008.pdf
Dell’Anna, S., Pellegrini, M., Ianes, D., & ... (2022). Learning, social, and psychological outcomes of students with moderate, severe, and complex disabilities in inclusive education: A systematic review. … Journal of Disability …, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2020.1843143
Drigas, A., Mitsea, E., & Skianis, C. (2022). Virtual reality and metacognition training techniques for learning disabilities. Sustainability, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/16/10170
Duff, D., Hendricks, A., Fitton, L., & ... (2023). Reading and math achievement in children with dyslexia, developmental language disorder, or typical development: Achievement gaps persist from second through …. … of Learning Disabilities, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194221105515
Duggan, J. (2025). Evaluating the Effects of Explicit Derivational Morpheme Instruction in Students With Learning Disabilities. search.proquest.com. https://search.proquest.com/openview/e6c38f52ac71aa7067fe75f8c0310754/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Dutt, S., Ahuja, N., & Kumar, M. (2022). An intelligent tutoring system architecture based on fuzzy neural network (FNN) for special education of learning disabled learners. Education and Information Technologies, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10713-x
Eseadi, C. (2023). Career counselling models and services for students with specific learning disabilities. Konselor, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). http://counselor.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/konselor/article/view/6
Ezzatibabi, M., & Aghajani, S. (2022). Comparison of social anxiety with bullying–victim behavior in students with and without learning disability. Journal of Learning Disabilities, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://jld.uma.ac.ir/%20https:/jld.uma.ac.ir/article_1807_f7327574432073248fdb0765fc88c2ee.pdf
Filderman, M., & Toste, J. (2022). Effects of varying levels of data use to intensify a multisyllabic word reading intervention for upper elementary students with or at risk for reading disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194211048405
Finardi, G., Paleari, F., & Fincham, F. (2022). Parenting a child with learning disabilities: Mothers’ self-forgiveness, well-being, and parental behaviors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02395-x
Fletcher, J., & Miciak, J. (2024). Assessment of specific learning disabilities and intellectual disabilities. Assessment, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911231194992
Gerber, P., & Reiff, H. (2025). Speaking for themselves: Ethnographic interviews with adults with learning disabilities. books.google.com. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=jrx9EQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=learning+disabilities&ots=cVXrdUo15P&sig=9DJ2UITzOffnDnFsQ9V48DOZdvg
Goodley, D. (2025). Disability studies: An interdisciplinary introduction. sk.sagepub.com. https://sk.sagepub.com/book/mono/disability-studies-3e/toc
Jarrett, S. (2025). Those they called idiots: The idea of the disabled mind from 1700 to the present day. books.google.com. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=2HIDEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=learning+disabilities&ots=sfB1lOCpA4&sig=KDU1jED1LJvY0y-Gvgu-jRXE270
Kamran, M., Siddiqui, S., & Adil, M. (2023). Breaking barriers: The influence of teachers’ attitudes on inclusive education for students with mild learning disabilities (MLDs). Education Sciences, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/13/6/606
Kaufman, A. (2022). Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues. books.google.com. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=bqKgEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=learning+disabilities&ots=xWc7dIxRx2&sig=BQADMuF9Zrpu7znb7dVU9qzE0z0
Kim, Y. (2022). Co-occurrence of reading and writing difficulties: The application of the interactive dynamic literacy model. Journal of Learning Disabilities, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194211060868
Li, Q., Li, Y., Zheng, J., Yan, X., Huang, J., Xu, Y., Zeng, X., & ... (2023). Prevalence and trends of developmental disabilities among US children and adolescents aged 3 to 17 years, 2018–2021. Scientific Reports, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-44472-1
Lu, S., Wu, C., & Huang, Y. (2022). Evaluation of disabled STEAM-students’ education learning outcomes and creativity under the UN sustainable development goal: Project-based learning …. Sustainability, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/2/679
Mana, A., Saka, N., Dahan, O., & ... (2022). Implicit theories, social support, and hope as serial mediators for predicting academic self-efficacy among higher education students. Learning Disability …, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://doi.org/10.1177/0731948720918821
Mokmin, N., & Rassy, R. (2024). Review of the trends in the use of augmented reality technology for students with disabilities when learning physical education. Education and Information Technologies, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11550-2
Muktamath, V., Hegde, P., & ... (2022). Types of specific learning disability. Learning Disabilities …, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=LNJuEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=learning+disabilities&ots=vX-jjcf_Pt&sig=iZRdTEH6zR_MiQJ0FWCtK25y_9A
Neca, P., Borges, M., & Pinto, P. (2022). Teachers with disabilities: A literature review. International Journal of Inclusive …, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2020.1776779
Niazov, Z., Hen, M., & Ferrari, J. (2022). Online and academic procrastination in students with learning disabilities: The impact of academic stress and self-efficacy. Psychological Reports, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120988113
Paz, S. D. L., Wissinger, D., & ... (2026). Social Studies and History Instruction for Students with Learning Disabilities. … of Learning Disabilities, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FuicEQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA338&dq=learning+disabilities&ots=jqNRpzPRCI&sig=GLKkR9RxUoC4HMbjnAHNZ7lgcjY
Pfeifer, M., Cordero, J., & Stanton, J. (2023). … I wish my instructor knew: How active learning influences the classroom experiences and self-advocacy of STEM majors with ADHD and specific learning disabilities. CBE—Life Sciences Education, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.21-12-0329
Rashid, S., & Wong, M. (2023). Challenges of implementing the individualized education plan (IEP) for special needs children with learning disabilities: Systematic literature review (SLR). International Journal of Learning …, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fatima-Belkhir/publication/368923499_Vol_22_No_1_January_2023/links/6400c55b0cf1030a566768e9/Vol-22-No-1-January-2023.pdf#page=21
Rizk, J., & Hillier, C. (2022). Digital technology and increasing engagement among students with disabilities: Interaction rituals and digital capital. Computers and Education Open, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666557322000283
Sarid, M., & Lipka, O. (2023). Students with learning disabilities/attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in higher education dealing with remote learning: Lessons learned from COVID-19 era. Frontiers in Psychology, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1172771
Simó-Pinatella, D., Carvalho, M. S., & ... (2026). Positive learning environment to reduce challenging behaviour engaged by children with intellectual disabilities. … Learning Disability …, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://doi.org/10.1108/TLDR-09-2025-0048/1355208
Simpson, A., Allen, J., Chatwin, M., Crawford, H., & ... (2023). BTS clinical statement on aspiration pneumonia. Thorax, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://thorax.bmj.com/content/78/suppl_1/s3.abstract
Weber, D., Brereton, M., & ... (2023). Developing visual tangible artefacts as an inclusive method for exploring digital activities with young people with learning disabilities. … of Learning Disabilities, (Query date: 2026-08-13 22:24:58). https://doi.org/10.1111/bld.12505
