Designing Lifelong Language Learning Programs for Working Adults Through Mobile Learning
Article Sidebar
-
Adult Education, Language Learning, Lifelong Learning
Abstract
Background. The increasing demand for continuous professional development among working adults has emphasized the need for flexible, accessible, and sustainable language learning opportunities. Traditional classroom-based instruction often fails to accommodate adult learners who face constraints related to time, location, and work schedules.
Purpose. This study aimed to design and evaluate a lifelong language learning program for working adults through mobile learning platforms. It specifically examined the pedagogical, technological, and motivational factors that support sustained learner engagement and long-term language retention.
Method. A mixed-method research design was employed involving 150 working professionals from various industries in Jakarta. Quantitative data were collected through pre- and post-tests and learner engagement analytics, while qualitative data were obtained from semi-structured interviews and learner diaries.
Results. The results demonstrated significant improvements in participants’ vocabulary acquisition, communication confidence, and long-term language retention following the mobile learning intervention. Qualitative findings revealed that personalized content, task relevance to professional contexts, and mobile accessibility were key factors in sustaining learner engagement over time.
Conclusion. The study concludes that mobile-assisted lifelong language learning programs provide an effective and scalable approach to adult language education.
Full text article
References
Assudani, P. J., Akour, I., Alshurideh, M., Kurdi, B. A., Ali, A. A., & ... (2021). Using machine learning algorithms to predict people’s intention to use mobile learning platforms during the COVID-19 pandemic: Machine learning approach. … Medical Education, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://mededu.jmir.org/2021/1/e24032/
Al-Rahmi, A., Al-Rahmi, W., Alturki, U., & ... (2022). Acceptance of mobile technologies and M-learning by university students: An empirical investigation in higher education. Education and …, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-10934-8
Ayeni, O., Hamad, N. A., Chisom, O., & ... (2024). AI in education: A review of personalized learning and educational technology. GSC Advanced …, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nneamaka-Onyebuchi-4/publication/390163119_AI_in_education_A_review_of_personalized_learning_and_educational_technology/links/67e78c3049e91c0feac451e7/AI-in-education-A-review-of-personalized-learning-and-educational-technology.pdf
Bernacki, M., Greene, M., & Lobczowski, N. (2021). A systematic review of research on personalized learning: Personalized by whom, to what, how, and for what purpose (s)? Educational Psychology …, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09615-8
Chen, X., Zou, D., Xie, H., Cheng, G., & Liu, C. (2022). Two decades of artificial intelligence in education. Educational Technology &Society, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48647028
Cui, P., & Sachan, M. (2023). Adaptive and personalized exercise generation for online language learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.02457, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.02457
Eschenbacher, S., & Fleming, T. (2020). Transformative dimensions of lifelong learning: Mezirow, Rorty and COVID-19. International Review of Education, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-020-09859-6
Gligorea, I., Cioca, M., Oancea, R., Gorski, A., Gorski, H., & ... (2023). Adaptive learning using artificial intelligence in e-learning: A literature review. Education …, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/13/12/1216
Housel, D. (2020). When co-occurring factors impact adult learners: Suggestions for instruction, preservice training, and professional development. Adult Learning, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045159519849910
Irielle, C. (2024). An Exploration of the Experiences of Nigerian Adult Learners Utilizing Smartphones and Associated Apps to Access Learning. search.proquest.com. https://search.proquest.com/openview/6d8b1340c951eeb127dc5a46549e2e86/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
James, N., & Thériault, V. (2020). Adult education in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: Inequalities, changes, and resilience. Studies in the Education of Adults, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://doi.org/10.1080/02660830.2020.1811474
Kohnke, L. (2023). A pedagogical chatbot: A supplemental language learning tool. Relc Journal, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882211067054
Latif, E., Mai, G., Nyaaba, M., Wu, X., Liu, N., Lu, G., & ... (2023). Artificial general intelligence (AGI) for education. arXiv preprint arXiv …, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://www.academia.edu/download/106269812/2304.12479.pdf
Li, J. (2021). Application of mobile information system based on internet in college physical education classroom teaching. Mobile Information Systems, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1481070
Martin, F., Dennen, V., & Bonk, C. (2020). A synthesis of systematic review research on emerging learning environments and technologies. Educational Technology Research and …, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09812-2
Miao, F., & Holmes, W. (2021). AI and education: A guidance for policymakers. books.google.com. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=yyE7EAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=lifelong+learning+mobile+learning+adult+education+language+learning+personalized+instruction&ots=cBm9H9ypRe&sig=1yL8Y9KFhPCyTI9WnVIsa0l9E08
Mir, M., Mir, G., Raina, N., Mir, S., & ... (2023). Application of artificial intelligence in medical education: Current scenario and future perspectives. … medical education …, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10352669/
Morris, T., & Rohs, M. (2023). The potential for digital technology to support self-directed learning in formal education of children: A scoping review. Interactive learning environments, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1870501
Pelletier, K., McCormack, M., Reeves, J., Robert, J., & ... (2022). 2022 educause horizon report teaching and learning edition. learntechlib.org. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/221033/?nl=1
Salajan, F., & Roumell, E. (2023). Tracing the historical construction of a vocational training, adult education and lifelong learning policy space in the European Union from 1951 to present. European educational research …, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://doi.org/10.1177/14749041211065324
Shemshack, A., Kinshuk, & Spector, J. (2021). A comprehensive analysis of personalized learning components. Journal of Computers in Education, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-021-00188-7
Shemshack, A., & Spector, J. (2020). A systematic literature review of personalized learning terms. Smart learning environments, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40561-020-00140-9
Spatioti, A., Kazanidis, I., & Pange, J. (2022). A comparative study of the ADDIE instructional design model in distance education. Information, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/13/9/402
Strielkowski, W., Grebennikova, V., & ... (2025). AI?driven adaptive learning for sustainable educational transformation. Sustainable …, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3221
Susanty, L., Hartati, Z., Sholihin, R., Syahid, A., & ... (2021). Why English teaching truth on digital trends as an effort for effective learning and evaluation: Opportunities and challenges: Analysis of teaching English. Linguistics and Culture …, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://www.academia.edu/download/82077473/148.pdf
Ubaedillah, U., Pratiwi, D., Huda, S., & ... (2021). An exploratory study of English teachers: The use of social media for teaching English on distance learning. … Language Teaching and …, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. http://ijeltal.org/index.php/ijeltal/article/view/753
Xu, Z., Chen, Z., Eutsler, L., Geng, Z., & Kogut, A. (2020). A scoping review of digital game-based technology on English language learning. Educational Technology …, Query date: 2026-01-06 16:22:50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-019-09702-2
